(2021年5月修訂)

 

　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化管理司 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)全程機(jī)械化推進(jìn)專(zhuān)家指導(dǎo)組
 

　　本技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)適用于全喂入聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的小麥?zhǔn)斋@作業(yè)。在一定區(qū)域內(nèi)，小麥品種及種植模式應(yīng)盡量規(guī)范一致，作物及田塊條件適于機(jī)械化收獲。機(jī)手應(yīng)提前檢查調(diào)試好機(jī)具，確定適宜收割期，執(zhí)行小麥機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和操作規(guī)程，努力減少收獲環(huán)節(jié)損失。
 

　　一、作業(yè)前機(jī)具準(zhǔn)備
 

　　開(kāi)始作業(yè)前要保持機(jī)具良好工作狀態(tài)，預(yù)防和減少作業(yè)故障，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量和效率。
 

　　(一)機(jī)具檢查
 

　　作業(yè)季節(jié)開(kāi)始前要依據(jù)產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明書(shū)對(duì)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)進(jìn)行一次全面檢查與保養(yǎng)，確保機(jī)具在整個(gè)收獲期能正常工作。經(jīng)重新安裝、保養(yǎng)或修理后的小麥聯(lián)合收割機(jī)要認(rèn)真做好試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，先局部后整體，認(rèn)真檢查行走、轉(zhuǎn)向、收割、輸送、脫粒、清選、卸糧等機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、傳動(dòng)、操作、間隙等情況，檢查有無(wú)異常響聲和三漏情況，發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題及時(shí)解決。要檢查各操縱裝置功能是否正常；離合器、制動(dòng)踏板自由行程是否適當(dāng)；發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油、冷卻液是否適量；儀表板各指示是否正常；輪胎氣壓是否正常；傳動(dòng)鏈、張緊輪是否松動(dòng)或損傷，運(yùn)動(dòng)是否靈活可靠；檢查和調(diào)整各傳動(dòng)皮帶的張緊度，防止作業(yè)時(shí)皮帶打滑；重要部位螺栓、螺母有無(wú)松動(dòng)；有無(wú)漏水、滲漏油現(xiàn)象；割臺(tái)、機(jī)架等部件有無(wú)變形等。備足備好田間作業(yè)常用工具、零配件、易損零配件及油料等，以便出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)能夠及時(shí)排除。
 

　　(二)試割
 

　　正式開(kāi)始作業(yè)前要選擇有代表性的地塊進(jìn)行試割。試割作業(yè)行進(jìn)長(zhǎng)度以30米左右為宜，根據(jù)作物、田塊的條件確定適合的收割速度，對(duì)照作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)仔細(xì)檢查損失、破碎、含雜等情況，有無(wú)漏割、堵草、跑糧等異常情況，并以此為依據(jù)對(duì)割刀間隙、脫粒間隙、篩子開(kāi)度和(或)風(fēng)扇風(fēng)量等視情況進(jìn)行必要調(diào)整。調(diào)整后再進(jìn)行試割并檢測(cè)，直至達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和農(nóng)戶要求。作物品種、田塊條件有變化要重新試割和調(diào)試機(jī)具。試割過(guò)程中，應(yīng)注意觀察、傾聽(tīng)機(jī)器工作狀況，發(fā)現(xiàn)異常及時(shí)解決。
 

　　二、確定適宜收獲時(shí)間
 

　　小麥機(jī)收宜在蠟熟末期至完熟初期進(jìn)行，此時(shí)產(chǎn)量最高，品質(zhì)最好。小麥成熟期主要特征：蠟熟中期下部葉片干黃，莖稈有彈性，籽粒轉(zhuǎn)黃色，飽滿而濕潤(rùn)，籽粒含水率25%-30%。蠟熟末期植株變黃，僅葉鞘莖部略帶綠色，莖稈仍有彈性，籽粒黃色稍硬，內(nèi)含物呈蠟狀，含水率20%-25%。完熟初期葉片枯黃，籽粒變硬，呈品種本色，含水率在20%以下。
 

　　確定收獲時(shí)間，還要根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的天氣情況、品種特性和栽培條件，合理安排收割順序，做到因地制宜、適時(shí)搶收，確保顆粒歸倉(cāng)。小面積收獲宜在蠟熟末期，大面積收獲宜在蠟熟中期，以使大部分小麥在適收期內(nèi)收獲。留種用的麥田宜在完熟期收獲。如遇雨季迫近，或急需搶種下茬作物，或品種易落粒、折稈、折穗、穗上發(fā)芽等情況，應(yīng)適當(dāng)提前收獲時(shí)間。
 

　　三、機(jī)收作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求
 

　　機(jī)收作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按下表中作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行。
 

　　小麥全喂入聯(lián)合收割機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

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　　四、減少機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)損失的措施
 

　　作業(yè)過(guò)程中，應(yīng)選擇適當(dāng)?shù)淖鳂I(yè)參數(shù)，并根據(jù)自然條件和作物條件的不同及時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)具進(jìn)行調(diào)整，使聯(lián)合收割機(jī)保持良好的工作狀態(tài)，減少機(jī)收損失，提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量。
 

　　(一)選擇作業(yè)行走路線
 

　　聯(lián)合收割機(jī)作業(yè)一般可采取順時(shí)針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、逆時(shí)針向心回轉(zhuǎn)、梭形收割三種行走方法。在具體作業(yè)時(shí)，機(jī)手應(yīng)根據(jù)地塊實(shí)際情況靈活選用。轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)應(yīng)停止收割，將割臺(tái)升起，采用倒車(chē)法轉(zhuǎn)彎或兜圈法直角轉(zhuǎn)彎，不要邊割邊轉(zhuǎn)彎，以防因分禾器、行走輪或履帶壓倒未割麥子，造成漏割損失。
 

　　(二)選擇作業(yè)速度
 

　　根據(jù)聯(lián)合收割機(jī)自身喂入量、小麥產(chǎn)量、自然高度、干濕程度等因素選擇合理的作業(yè)速度。作業(yè)過(guò)程中應(yīng)盡量保持發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在額定轉(zhuǎn)速下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。通常情況下，采用正常作業(yè)速度進(jìn)行收割，盡量避免急加速或急減速。當(dāng)小麥稠密、植株大、產(chǎn)量高、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時(shí)，應(yīng)適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度。
 

　　(三)調(diào)整作業(yè)幅寬
 

　　在負(fù)荷允許的情況下，控制好作業(yè)速度，盡量滿幅或接近滿幅工作，保證作物喂入均勻，防止喂入量過(guò)大，影響脫粒質(zhì)量。當(dāng)小麥產(chǎn)量高、濕度大或者留茬高度過(guò)低時(shí)，以低速作業(yè)仍超載時(shí)，適當(dāng)減小割幅，一般減少到80%，以保證小麥的收割質(zhì)量。
 

　　(四)保持合適的留茬高度
 

　　割茬高度應(yīng)根據(jù)小麥的高度和地塊的平整情況而定，一般以5-15厘米為宜。割茬過(guò)高，由于小麥高低不一或機(jī)車(chē)過(guò)田埂時(shí)割臺(tái)上下波動(dòng)，易造成部分小麥漏割，同時(shí)，撥禾輪的撥禾推禾作用減弱，易造成落地?fù)p失。在保證正常收割的情況下，割茬盡量低些，但最低不得小于5厘米，以免切割泥土，加快切割器磨損。
 

　　(五)調(diào)整撥禾輪速度和位置
 

　　調(diào)整撥禾輪的轉(zhuǎn)速，使撥禾輪線速度為聯(lián)合收割機(jī)前進(jìn)速度的1.1-1.2倍，不宜過(guò)高。撥禾輪高低位置應(yīng)使撥禾板作用在被切割作物2/3處為宜，其前后位置應(yīng)視作物密度和倒伏程度而定，當(dāng)作物植株密度大并且倒伏時(shí)，適當(dāng)前移，以增強(qiáng)扶禾能力。撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速過(guò)高、位置偏高或偏前，都易增加穗頭籽粒脫落，使作業(yè)損失增加。
 

　　(六)調(diào)整脫粒、清選等工作部件
 

　　脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速、脫粒間隙和導(dǎo)流板角度的大小，是影響小麥脫凈率、破碎率的重要因素。在保證破碎率不超標(biāo)的前提下，可通過(guò)適當(dāng)提高脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速，減小滾筒與凹板之間的間隙，正確調(diào)整入口與出口間隙之比(應(yīng)為4∶1)等措施，提高脫凈率，減少脫粒損失。清選損失和含雜率是對(duì)立的，調(diào)整中要統(tǒng)籌考慮。在保證含雜率不超標(biāo)的前提下，可通過(guò)適當(dāng)減小風(fēng)扇風(fēng)量、調(diào)大篩子的開(kāi)度及提高尾篩位置等，減少清選損失。作業(yè)中要經(jīng)常檢查逐稿器機(jī)箱內(nèi)秸稈堵塞情況，及時(shí)清理，軸流滾筒可適當(dāng)減小喂入量和提高滾筒轉(zhuǎn)速，以減少分離損失。對(duì)于清選結(jié)構(gòu)上有排草擋板的，在含雜、損失較高時(shí)，可通過(guò)調(diào)整排草板上下高度減少損失。
 

　　(七)收割倒伏作物
 

　　適當(dāng)降低割茬，以減少漏割；撥禾輪適當(dāng)前移，撥禾彈齒后傾15-30度，或者安裝專(zhuān)用的扶禾器，以增強(qiáng)扶禾作用。倒伏較嚴(yán)重的作物，采取逆倒伏方向收獲、降低作業(yè)速度或減少喂入量等措施。
 

　　(八)收割過(guò)熟作物
 

　　小麥過(guò)度成熟時(shí)，莖稈過(guò)干易折斷、麥粒易脫落，脫粒后碎莖稈增加易引起清選困難，收割時(shí)應(yīng)適當(dāng)調(diào)低撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，防止撥禾輪板擊打麥穗造成掉粒損失，同時(shí)降低作業(yè)速度，適當(dāng)調(diào)整清選篩開(kāi)度，也可安排在早晨或傍晚莖稈韌性較大時(shí)收割。
 

　　(九)規(guī)范作業(yè)操作
 

　　作業(yè)時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)作物品種、高度、產(chǎn)量、成熟程度及秸稈含水率等情況來(lái)選擇作業(yè)擋位，用作業(yè)速度、割茬高度及工作幅寬來(lái)調(diào)整喂入量，使機(jī)器在額定負(fù)荷下工作，盡量降低夾帶損失，避免發(fā)生堵塞故障。要經(jīng)常檢查凹板篩和清選篩的篩面，防止被泥土或潮濕物堵死造成糧食損失，如有堵塞要及時(shí)清理。
 

　　(十)在線監(jiān)測(cè)
 

　　如有條件，可在收割機(jī)上裝配損失率、含雜率、破碎率在線監(jiān)測(cè)裝置，駕駛員根據(jù)在線監(jiān)測(cè)裝置提示的相關(guān)指標(biāo)、曲線，適時(shí)調(diào)整作業(yè)速度、喂入量、留茬高度等作業(yè)狀態(tài)參數(shù)，得到并保持損失率、含雜率、破碎率較理想的作業(yè)狀態(tài)。
 

　　五、培訓(xùn)與監(jiān)督
 

　　機(jī)手、種植戶和從事收獲質(zhì)量監(jiān)督的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員應(yīng)經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)，掌握小麥品種、籽粒含水率、種植模式、收割地形等方面的知識(shí)，掌握收割機(jī)的正確使用、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)知識(shí)以及作業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。鼓勵(lì)種植戶與機(jī)手簽訂收獲作業(yè)損失協(xié)議，農(nóng)機(jī)管理人員可通過(guò)巡回檢查監(jiān)督作業(yè)損失等情況，并在損失偏大或出現(xiàn)其他不合乎要求情形時(shí)，要求機(jī)手調(diào)整，仍然不合要求的，應(yīng)更換作業(yè)機(jī)器。